In good alternative and specialist provision, staff support is relational first. This means: taking time to know each young person as an individual; being consistent and predictable so trust can build; responding to distress with calm rather than discipline; and working collaboratively with families rather than treating parents as part of the problem.

Practically, look for: low staff turnover (consistency matters enormously for vulnerable young people); relevant training in trauma, attachment, mental health, and safeguarding; and a culture where staff feel supported themselves – because you cannot pour from an empty cup.